Infographics / Fluoroscopy

Spot film, photospot and cine recording

A comparison table of four fluoroscopic image-recording methods. Two record still images: spot film (film-screen), a dedicated cassette in the beam giving the highest still resolution (about 5 to 10 line pairs per mm) at high dose per image and allowing multiple exposures per film; and the photospot camera, which records the image-intensifier output through a beam-splitter mirror onto small-format film (about 70 to 100 mm, roughly 30 percent of a spot film) at lower mAs per frame, giving lower dose, rapid sequences and less noisy images but intensifier/TV-limited resolution. Two record motion: cine fluorography, full-frame at 25 to 30 frames per second, giving the highest resolution for motion but the highest dose rate; and pulsed fluoroscopy with last-image-hold, the lowest-dose option where holding the last frame adds no extra dose. General rule: better spatial resolution costs more dose. Cine also needs the x-ray pulse rate locked to the frame rate.

Ways a fluoroscopic image is recorded, compared on resolution and dose A comparison table of four fluoroscopic image-recording methods. Two record still images: spot film (film-screen), a dedicated cassette in the beam giving the highest still resolution (about 5 to 10 line pairs per mm) at high dose per image and allowing multiple exposures per film; and the photospot camera, which records the image-intensifier output through a beam-splitter mirror onto small-format film (about 70 to 100 mm, roughly 30 percent of a spot film) at lower mAs per frame, giving lower dose, rapid sequences and less noisy images but intensifier/TV-limited resolution. Two record motion: cine fluorography, full-frame at 25 to 30 frames per second, giving the highest resolution for motion but the highest dose rate; and pulsed fluoroscopy with last-image-hold, the lowest-dose option where holding the last frame adds no extra dose. General rule: better spatial resolution costs more dose. Cine also needs the x-ray pulse rate locked to the frame rate. Recording a fluoroscopic image — methods compared feature still images motion Spot film(film–screen) Photospotcamera Cinefluorography Pulsed fluoro+ LIH Records Imagesource Format /size Spatialresolution Dose still; multipleexposures/film still; rapidsequences motion(25–30 fps) motion; LIHfreezes 1 frame film–screencassette inthe beam II output viabeam-splittermirror to smallcamera full-frame cinechain (film /digital) II / TV display;LIH storeslast frame large cassette(~100–105 mm) small (~70–100 mm; ~30%of spot film) full frame monitor image highest still(~5–10 lp/mm) lower (II/TV-limited);less noisy highest formotion display-limited high perimage low mAs/frame→ lower dose highestdose rate lowest dose;LIH = noextra dose General rule: better spatial resolution → more dose (per image for stills, per second for cine). Cine also needs the x-ray pulse rate locked to the frame rate, or frames flicker / drop.

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